Background: Autologous breast reconstruction has undergone a remarkable evolution, driven by the pursuit of addressing past concerns primarily related to donor site morbidity and complication risks. Improved techniques now prioritize minimizing invasiveness, complications, and recovery time while achieving aesthetically pleasing and durable results.
Methods: Recent advancements in autologous breast reconstruction have been examined, focusing on enhancements in surgical techniques, imaging technologies, minimally invasive approaches, and postoperative care.
Results: To reduce donor site morbidity, attention has recently shifted back to abdominal flaps vascularized by subcutaneous vessels. Specifically, the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap has emerged as a promising option. Additionally, robotic-assisted flap harvest serves as another method to reduce the invasiveness. At the recipient site, rib-sparing internal mammary vessel isolation and perforator-to-perforator anastomosis have been suggested to lessen trauma and maintain thoracic integrity. The use of thorough preoperative imaging and intraoperative assessment of real-time perfusion with indocyanine green angiography (ICG) has enhanced the success of the procedure. Beyond aesthetic restoration, contemporary breast reconstructive surgeons are increasingly aware of both short-term and long-term complications, particularly lymphatic sequelae. The LYMPHA technique (lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach) promotes immediate restoration of the lymphatic system and has shown the potential to reduce the risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Furthermore, the integration of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols has transformed perioperative care by optimizing pain management, minimizing hospitalization duration, and allowing a quicker return to daily activities.
Conclusions: Recent advancements in autologous breast reconstruction have significantly improved patient outcomes. With innovations in flap design, technology, lymphatic preservation, and recovery protocols, it has been possible to usher in a new era of less invasive procedures and fewer complications while achieving high aesthetic results and allowing patients to return to their daily lives as quickly as possible.
